Re-reading notes and highlighting text feel productive because they're easy and familiar — but research on learning consistently ranks them among the least effective study techniques compared to a few less popular alternatives.
More effective techniques
- Active recall — testing yourself on material instead of just re-reading it, even informally with flashcards or blank-page recall.
- Spaced repetition — reviewing material at increasing intervals over days and weeks, rather than cramming once.
- Explain it simply — trying to teach the concept to someone else (or an imaginary audience) reveals gaps re-reading hides.
- Interleaving — mixing different topics or problem types in a single study session rather than blocking one topic at a time.
It will feel harder — that's expected
Active recall and spaced repetition typically feel more effortful and less fluent than re-reading. That difficulty is often a sign the technique is working, not a sign you don't know the material.
None of these techniques require special tools — a blank sheet of paper and a willingness to test yourself before you feel "ready" covers most of the benefit.
About the author
James Whitfield
Education Reporter
4 pieces published
